Asset Accounting Overview
Purpose
The Asset Accounting (FI-AA) component is used for managing and supervising fixed assets with the SAP R/3 System. In SAP R/3 Financial Accounting, it serves as a subsidiary ledger to the FI General Ledger, providing detailed information on transactions involving fixed assets.
Implementation Considerations
The R/3 Asset Accounting component is intended for international use in many countries, irrespective of the nature of the industry. This means, for example, that no country-specific valuation rules are hard-coded in the system. You give this component its country-specific and company-specific character with the settings you make in Customizing. To minimize the time and energy involved in Customizing, country-specific defaults are provided in the standard system where possible.
The Implementation Guide (IMG) provides the necessary functions for this in Asset Accounting.
Asset Accounting (FI-AA)................................................................................12
Asset Accounting Overview.......................................................................................................13
Organizational Elements and Structures..................................................................................15
Chart of Depreciation..................................................................................................................16
Graphic: Organizational Structure 1.........................................................................................18
Graphic: Organizational Structure 2.........................................................................................19
Chart of Accounts.......................................................................................................................20
Assignment to Organizational Units.........................................................................................21
Assignment of Company Code................................................................................................22
Assignment of Business Area..................................................................................................24
Assignment to Plant/Location/Address....................................................................................25
Assignment to Cost Center and Profit Center..........................................................................26
Structuring Fixed Assets............................................................................................................29
Functions of the Asset Class....................................................................................................31
Control Information (Asset Class General).........................................................................35
Control Information in the Valuation Section......................................................................37
Asset Types (General).............................................................................................................39
Assets under Construction..................................................................................................40
Low-Value Assets (LVA).....................................................................................................42
Leased Assets....................................................................................................................44
Intangible Assets.................................................................................................................45
Financial Assets..................................................................................................................46
Technical Assets.................................................................................................................47
Real Estate.........................................................................................................................48
Representing Fixed Assets......................................................................................................49
Simple Asset.......................................................................................................................50
Complex Asset with Component Parts...............................................................................51
Group Assets......................................................................................................................53
Graphic: Assignment to Group Asset by Depreciation Area.........................................57
Graphic: Acquisition to a Group Asset...........................................................................58
Asset Super Number...........................................................................................................59
Negative Assets..................................................................................................................60
Technical Structuring for Plant Maintenance Purposes...........................................................61
Basic Functions for Asset Valuation.........................................................................................64
Depreciation Areas......................................................................................................................65
Derived Depreciation Areas.....................................................................................................67
Graphic: Special Reserves in Germany..............................................................................68
Features of a Depreciation Area..............................................................................................69
Features at Chart of Depreciation Level.............................................................................70
Graphic: Takeover Between Depreciation Areas..........................................................73
Company Code-Related Features......................................................................................74
Standard Depreciation Areas: USA.........................................................................................75
Standard Depreciation Areas: Germany..................................................................................77
Representation of Asset Values...............................................................................................80
Subsequent Creation/Deletion of a Depreciation Area............................................................82
Examples for Configuring Depreciation Areas........................................................................84
Special Depreciation Shown on the Liabilities Side.................................................................85
Special Reserves on Assets Side of Balance Sheet...............................................................86
Showing Investment Support on the Assets/Liabilities Side of the Balance Sheet.................87
Valuation for Net Worth Tax.....................................................................................................88
Representing Transferred Reserves (Deferred Gain)..............................................................89
Fiscal Years and Periods............................................................................................................90
Non-Calendar Fiscal Years......................................................................................................92
Assignment Rules/Non-Calendar Fiscal Year....................................................................93
Shortened Fiscal Years............................................................................................................94
Calendar Assignments for Shortened Fiscal Year..............................................................97
Validity Periods and the Depreciation Key..........................................................................98
Different Fiscal Year for FI-AA.................................................................................................99
Different Fiscal Year Start or End in FIAA........................................................................100
Mid-Quarter or Mid-Month Rule........................................................................................102
Parallel Currencies in the General Ledger..............................................................................103
Integration.................................................................................................................................105
Integration (General).................................................................................................................106
Account Determination.............................................................................................................108
Additional Account Assignment..............................................................................................110
Graphic: Account Assignment to CO.....................................................................................113
Automatic Posting from Depreciation Areas to the General Ledger...................................114
Cost-of-Sales Accounting........................................................................................................115
Posting Depreciation................................................................................................................116
System Settings for Posting Depreciation.............................................................................118
Graphic: Catch-Up/Smoothing...............................................................................................121
BAPIs.........................................................................................................................................122
Depreciation..............................................................................................................................123
Depreciation Types...................................................................................................................124
Valuation Methods....................................................................................................................126
Depreciation Keys.....................................................................................................................127
Changeover Method...............................................................................................................129
Example: Changeover After the End of Planned Useful Life.................................................132
Other Features of Depreciation Key......................................................................................133
Calculation Methods (Control Functions)...............................................................................135
Base Method.........................................................................................................................137
Depreciation Calculation Methods....................................................................................138
Ending Depreciation..........................................................................................................140
Declining-Balance Method.....................................................................................................141
Maximum Amount Method.....................................................................................................142
Multi-Level Method.................................................................................................................143
Base Value for Depreciation.............................................................................................145
Period Control Method...........................................................................................................147
Scrap Value...............................................................................................................................150
Depreciation Methods...............................................................................................................152
Straight-Line Depreciation over Total Useful Life..................................................................153
Straight-Line from the Book Value over Remaining Useful Life.............................................154
Declining-Balance Method of Depreciation............................................................................155
Declining Multi-Phase Depreciation.......................................................................................156
Sum-of-the-Years-Digits Method of Depreciation..................................................................157
Japan: Declining-Balance Method of Depreciation................................................................158
Mean Value Method...............................................................................................................159
Depreciation for Multiple-Shift Operation and Shutdown.......................................................160
Unit-of-Production Method of Depreciation............................................................................162
Examples USA.......................................................................................................................163
Example: German Ordinary Depreciation..............................................................................164
Special Valuation......................................................................................................................167
Replacement Values (General)................................................................................................168
Indexed Replacement Values................................................................................................169
Graphic: Historical Calculation..........................................................................................173
Graphic: System Settings for Replacement Values..........................................................174
One-Time Revaluation Measures..........................................................................................175
Investment Support Measures.................................................................................................178
Investment Support on the Liabilities Side.............................................................................180
Posting Example: Investment Support Shown on Liabilities Side....................................182
Investment Support Managed on the Assets Side.................................................................184
Defaults and Checks During Master Data Maintenance........................................................185
Reports and Collective Posting (Investment Support Measures)..........................................186
Special Reserves.......................................................................................................................187
Transferred Reserves (Deferred Gain)....................................................................................189
Insurance Values.......................................................................................................................192
Leased Assets..........................................................................................................................196
Graphic: Operating Lease Procedure....................................................................................201
Graphic: Capital Lease Procedure.........................................................................................202
Calculation of Interest...............................................................................................................203
Net Worth Tax............................................................................................................................205
Requirements for Consolidation.............................................................................................206
Master Data Maintenance.........................................................................................................208
The Asset Master Record.........................................................................................................209
Number Assignment.................................................................................................................211
Screen Layout, Maintenance Level, Tab Layout for Master Data.........................................214
Graphic: Screen Layout Control.............................................................................................217
Master Data Maintenance with Asset Views...........................................................................218
User Fields................................................................................................................................219
Time-Dependent Data...............................................................................................................221
Matchcode.................................................................................................................................223
Document Management............................................................................................................224
Validation and Substitution......................................................................................................226
Mass Changes..........................................................................................................................228
Archiving and Reorganization.................................................................................................229
Basic Functions of Transactions.............................................................................................230
Transaction Types.....................................................................................................................231
Line Items..................................................................................................................................233
Updating Values in the Depreciation Area..............................................................................234
Quantity Treatment...................................................................................................................235
Dates in Asset Accounting.......................................................................................................237
Document Assignment.............................................................................................................240
Validation..................................................................................................................................241
Reversing Documents..............................................................................................................242
Budget Monitoring Using Statistical Orders or WBS Elements...........................................243
Posting Gain/Loss.....................................................................................................................246
Graphic: Retirement Versions................................................................................................248
Manual Handling of Delivery Costs.........................................................................................249
Graphic: Different Capitalization Rules in a Corporate Group...............................................251
Information System...................................................................................................................252
The Logical Database ADA.......................................................................................................253
General Functions of Standard Reports.................................................................................256
Graphic: Breakdown of Totals List/Excel Download..............................................................260
Report Interfaces and Navigation............................................................................................261
Sort Versions............................................................................................................................263
Simulation Version....................................................................................................................266
Graphic: Reporting with Simulation Versions.........................................................................268
Report Selection.......................................................................................................................269
Definition of the Asset History Sheet......................................................................................270
Graphic: Definition of the Asset History Sheet......................................................................274
SAP Queries..............................................................................................................................275
Asset Explorer..........................................................................................................................277
Asset Value Display Transaction.............................................................................................280
Standard Reports......................................................................................................................282
Asset History Sheet................................................................................................................283
Graphic: Simulation Time Period......................................................................................285
Balance Sheet Explanations.............................................................................................286
Asset Lists.............................................................................................................................287
Explanations for the Profit and Loss Statement.....................................................................288
Cost Accounting.....................................................................................................................289
Simulation / Depreciation Forecast........................................................................................290
Special Valuation...................................................................................................................291
Preparations for Closing.........................................................................................................292
Day-to-Day Activities..............................................................................................................294
Taxes.....................................................................................................................................295
History Management (Asset Chart)........................................................................................296
Legacy Data Transfer................................................................................................................298
Special Considerations for Asset Data Transfer...................................................................300
Time of Transfer.....................................................................................................................301
Transfer Parameters..............................................................................................................304
Transfer of Assets under Construction..................................................................................305
Reconciliation of Balances with General Ledger...................................................................307
Transfer after SAP R/3 Asset Accounting Is Already Productive...........................................309
Transfer Methods......................................................................................................................311
Manual Legacy Data Transfer................................................................................................312
Legacy Data Transfer Using Microsoft( Excel........................................................................314
Authorizations and Preparing for Production Startup..........................................................319
Standard Authorization Functions..........................................................................................320
Graphic: The Basic Authorization Concept............................................................................322
Asset Views..............................................................................................................................323
Organizational Plan and Workflow..........................................................................................325
Graphic: Defining an Organizational Plan..............................................................................327
System Performance Improvements.......................................................................................328
Country-Specific Functions.....................................................................................................330
Capital Lease Procedure (USA)...............................................................................................331
Depreciation at Class Level ADR (USA).................................................................................332
Permanent Impairment of Fixed Assets (USA).......................................................................333
Tax Jurisdiction Code (USA)....................................................................................................334
Mid-Quarter Convention (USA)................................................................................................335
Reports for the USA..................................................................................................................337
Asset Register (Italy).................................................................................................................338
Revaluation (Italy).....................................................................................................................339
Deferred Depreciation (France)...............................................................................................340
The Course of Deferred Depreciation.....................................................................................342
Depreciation to Exact Day........................................................................................................344
Posting Net Book Value at Asset Retirement (France).........................................................345
Splitting Gain/Loss (France)....................................................................................................346
Net Worth Tax (Japan)..............................................................................................................347
Rounding/Declining-Balance Depreciation (Japan)..............................................................348
Reserves for Special Depreciation (Germany).......................................................................349
Investment Support (Germany)...............................................................................................350
Transferred Reserves (Germany)............................................................................................351
Municipal Tax Requirements (Germany)................................................................................352
Investment Incentive (Austria).................................................................................................353
Posting Investment Incentive (Austria)..................................................................................355
Reports and Mass Posting for Investment Incentive (Austria)...............................................357
Declining Multi-Phase Depreciation (Czech Republic and Slovakia)..................................358
Customer Enhancements (Customer Exits)...........................................................................359
Asset Master Data Maintenance..............................................................................................361
Creating Master Data................................................................................................................362
Creating an Asset...................................................................................................................363
Changes to Master Data...........................................................................................................365
Changing General Data of Assets.........................................................................................367
Changing Time-Dependent Data...........................................................................................368
Changing Assignment to Asset Class (Using Transfer).........................................................369
Deactivation - Deletion - Blocking...........................................................................................370
Deleting Assets......................................................................................................................371
Acquisitions..............................................................................................................................372
External Asset Acquisitions.....................................................................................................373
Graphic: Acquisition Posted Using Integration.......................................................................375
Graphic: Gross/Net Posting...................................................................................................376
Integrated Asset Acquisition Posting (FIAA and FIAP)..........................................................377
Graphic: Integrated Acquisition Posting with Cash Discount............................................378
Non-Integrated Asset Acquisition Posting (Before Invoice Receipt)......................................379
Non-Integrated Asset Acquisition (After Invoice Receipt, with Clearing)...............................380
Processing Asset Acquisitions in Purchasing (FIAA/MM)....................................................381
Creating a Purchase Order for the Asset...............................................................................383
Goods Receipt and Invoice Receipt with Reference to Asset..............................................384
Posting a Goods Receipt.......................................................................................................386
Posting an Invoice Receipt.....................................................................................................387
Acquisition from Internal Activity............................................................................................388
Settling a Production Order to a Fixed Asset.........................................................................389
Posting Acquisition from Internal Activity Manually...............................................................390
Processing a Goods Issue from the Warehouse...................................................................391
Posting Stock Withdrawal......................................................................................................392
Acquisition Resulting from Extraordinary Revenue..............................................................393
Posting Acquisition Resulting from Extraordinary Revenue..................................................394
Subsequent Acquisition...........................................................................................................395
Graphic: Subsequent Acquisition Without Sub-Numbers......................................................396
Graphic: Subsequent Acquisition with Sub-Numbers............................................................397
Posting Subsequent Acquisitions...........................................................................................398
Manual Depreciation and Transferred Reserves...................................................................399
Manual Planning of Depreciation............................................................................................400
Planning Manual Depreciation...............................................................................................402
Reserves Resulting from Retirement Revenue......................................................................403
Allocating Reserves...............................................................................................................404
Transfer of Reserves.................................................................................................................405
Graphic: Accounts for Transfer of Reserves..........................................................................406
Transferring Reserves............................................................................................................408
Investment Support and Revaluation......................................................................................409
New Investment Support Measures........................................................................................410
Changing Investment Support Measures...............................................................................411
Posting Investment Support....................................................................................................412
Collective Posting of Investment Support..............................................................................414
Posting Investment Support Manually...................................................................................415
Reversing Investment Support...............................................................................................416
Defining the Index Series.........................................................................................................417
Defining Index Series.............................................................................................................418
Definition and Execution of One-Time Revaluation..............................................................419
Carrying Out Revaluation Using Collective Posting...............................................................420
Other Transactions During Life of an Asset...........................................................................421
Down Payments to Assets Under Construction....................................................................422
Graphic: Down Payments......................................................................................................424
Capitalizing Down Payments Without a Closing Invoice.......................................................426
Integrated Posting of Down Payments...................................................................................428
Non-Integrated Posting of Down Payments...........................................................................429
Settlement of an Asset under Construction...........................................................................430
Graphic: Line Item Settlement...............................................................................................434
Posting Capitalization of AuC (Intracompany Transfer).........................................................435
Posting Capitalization of AUC with Line Item Settlement......................................................436
Credit Memos (Received).........................................................................................................437
Posting Credit Memos Integrated with Vendor......................................................................438
Posting a Credit Memo Offset Against a Clearing Account...................................................439
Post-Capitalization (Write-Up to APC)....................................................................................440
Posting Post-Capitalization....................................................................................................441
Write-ups...................................................................................................................................443
Posting Write-Ups..................................................................................................................445
Intracompany and Intercompany Asset Transfer..................................................................446
Intracompany Asset Transfer.................................................................................................447
Posting an Intracompany Asset Transfer (Splitting an Asset)..........................................450
Intercompany Asset Transfer (Between Company Codes)...................................................451
Automatic Intracompany Asset Transfer...........................................................................453
Company Code Relationship Type..............................................................................455
Cross-System Depreciation Area................................................................................457
Transfer Method..........................................................................................................459
Transfer Variant...........................................................................................................462
Field Transfer...............................................................................................................465
Posting Automatic Intercompany Asset Transfer........................................................467
Example: Gross Transfer within Company..................................................................468
Example: Gross Transfer Between Companies..........................................................471
Example: Net Transfer Between Companies..............................................................474
Example: New Value Transfer Between Companies..................................................477
Manual Intercompany Asset Transfer...............................................................................480
Manual Posting of Intercompany Asset Transfer/Retirement......................................482
Manual Posting of Intercompany Asset Transfer/Acquisition......................................483
Asset Retirement......................................................................................................................484
Graphic: Determining Proportional Value Adjustments.........................................................488
Posting Retirement with Revenue with Customer.................................................................489
Graphic: Accounts for Retirement with Revenue Posted to Customer.............................490
Posting Retirement with Revenue to Clearing Account.........................................................491
Posting Retirement without Revenue (Scrapping).................................................................492
Subsequent Revenue/Costs.....................................................................................................493
Posting Subsequent Revenue/Costs.....................................................................................494
Reversals...................................................................................................................................495
Reversing a Document...........................................................................................................496
Reversing Settlement of an Asset Under Construction.........................................................497
Changing a Document...........................................................................................................498
Processing for Closing.............................................................................................................499
Posting Depreciation................................................................................................................500
Periodic Posting of Depreciation............................................................................................503
Handling of Errors During Depreciation Posting....................................................................505
Parallel Valuation......................................................................................................................507
Automatic Posting from Depreciation Area to General Ledger..............................................510
Periodic Reports........................................................................................................................511
Generating Periodic Reports..................................................................................................512
Physical Inventory.....................................................................................................................513
Generating the Inventory List.................................................................................................515
Inventory Interface for Non-SAP Systems.............................................................................516
Fiscal Year Change...................................................................................................................518
Carrying Out Fiscal Year Change..........................................................................................519
Year-End Closing......................................................................................................................520
Carrying Out Year-End Closing.............................................................................................522
Graphic: Year-End Closing - Flowchart............................................................................523
Handling Errors during Year-End Closing..............................................................................524
Primary Cost Planning..............................................................................................................526
Carrying Out Cost Planning...................................................................................................530
Simulation.................................................................................................................................531
Simulating Depreciation of Individual Assets.........................................................................532
Simulating Depreciation for Future Fiscal Years....................................................................533
Simulating Past Depreciation.................................................................................................534
Tools..........................................................................................................................................535
Recalculating Values................................................................................................................536
Mass Processing......................................................................................................................537
Mass Changes to Master Data..............................................................................................538
Definition of a Substitution................................................................................................541
Carrying Out Mass Changes............................................................................................542
Mass Retirement....................................................................................................................543
Mass Transfer.......................................................................................................................545
Processing Incomplete Assets................................................................................................546
Selecting/Correcting Incomplete Assets................................................................................548
Problem Analysis......................................................................................................................549
G/L Reconciliation....................................................................................................................550
Settings for Special Valuations...............................................................................................551
Processing Leased Assets.......................................................................................................553
Acquisition of Leased Assets..................................................................................................554
Posting Acquisition of Leased Asset (Capital Lease)............................................................555
Posting Acquisition of Leased Asset (Operating Lease)........................................................556
Lease Payments.......................................................................................................................557
Posting Lease Payments.......................................................................................................558
Asset Retirement for Leased Assets.......................................................................................559
Processing the Expiration of the Lease.................................................................................560
Scrapping a Leased Asset.....................................................................................................561
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