TABC41 ABAP Development Workbench Basics 2/2
TABC41 ABAP Development Workbench Basics 2/2 ................0-1
Copyright ................ ....................................0-2
Section Overview ................ .................0-4
Section: Managing ABAP Development Projects ...........................................................................1-1
Content: Managing ABAP Development Projects .......................................1-2
ABAP DevelopmentProjects and ASAP .............................................................2-1
ABAP Development Projects and ..................................................................2-2
as a Component of ................ ................2-3
Includes ................ ..................................2-4
ABAP Development Projects in ASAP ..........................................................2-5
Tools and ASAP ................ ...................2-6
Summary ................ ................................2-7
Project Team ................ ..............................3-1
Project Team ................ ..........................3-2
Position on the ASAP Roadmap .....................................................................3-3
Roles in Customer Development Projects (1) ...............................................3-4
Roles in Customer Development Projects (2) ...............................................3-5
Roles in Customer Development Projects (3) ...............................................3-6
Roles in Customer Development Projects (4) ...............................................3-7
Roles in Customer Development Projects (5) ...............................................3-8
Software Logistics .........................................................................................4-1
Software Logistics ................ ................4-2
Position on the ASAP Roadmap .....................................................................4-3
Planning the System Landscape for Development .......................................4-4
Setting up the System Landscape ...................................................................4-5
Maintaining the System Landscape ................................................................4-6
Change & Transport Organizer .......................................................................4-7
Differences between WBO and CO ................................................................4-8
Central and National Development .................................................................4-9
Workbench Organizer and the Transport System .......................................4-10
Change Levels .........................................................................................5-1
Change Levels ................ .......................5-2
Change Levels ................ .......................5-3
Business Engineer ................ ................5-4
Personalization ................ ......................5-5
ABAP Workbench ................ ................5-6
- ................ .......................................5-8
ABAP Workbench Change Levels ..................................................................5-9
Classifying and Implementing Development Projects ...............................5-10
Modifying vs. Copying ...................................................................................5-11
The Amount of Work at Upgrade Increases ................................................5-13
Modification: Critical Repository Object Types .........................................5-14
Summary ................ ................5-15
Standardization ........................................................................................6-1
Standardization .......................................................................................6-2
Position on the ASAP Roadmap ...........................................................6-3
Standardization Areas ..........................................................................6-4
Naming Conventions for Repository Objects ..........................................6-5
Application Hierarchy and Development Classes ..................................6-6
Interface Style Guide ...........................................................................6-7
Documentation ........................................................................................6-8
Inline Documentation .............................................................................6-9
Critical Factors for Successful Modification (1) .........................................6-10
Critical Factors for Successful Modification (2) .........................................6-11
Inline Modification Documentation .............................................................6-12
Modification Logbook ....................................................................................6-13
Summary ................ ..................6-14
Section: ABAP Dictionary ......................................................................7-1
Content: ABAP Dictionary ....................................................................7-2
Introduction ................ ........................8-1
Function of the ABAP Dictionary ..................................................................8-2
Database Objects in the ABAP Dictionary ....................................................8-3
Type Definitions in the ABAP Dictionary .....................................................8-4
Services of the ABAP Dictionary ...................................................................8-5
Linking to the Development and Runtime Environment .............................8-6
Unit Summary ................ ................8-7
Tables in the ABAP Dictionary ....................................................................9-1
Tables and Fields .....................................................................................9-2
Basic Objects of the ABAP Dictionary .....................................................9-3
Two-Level Domain Concept: Example .....................................................9-4
Transparent Tables and Structures .............................................................9-5
Include Structures ........................................................................................9-6
Technical Settings .......................................................................................9-7
Data Class ................ .........................9-8
Size Category ................ ...................9-9
Logging ................ .........................9-10
Unit Summary ...........................................................................................9-11
Exercise Data ................ ................9-12
Exercises: Tables in the ABAP Dictionary ..................................................9-13
Solutions: Tables in the ABAP Dictionary ..................................................9-16
Performance during Table Access ....................................10-1
Structure of an Index ..............................................................................10-2
Access with Indexes ...................................................................................10-3
Data Access using the Buffer ...............................................................10-4
Table Buffering ........................................................................................10-5
Full Buffering ................ .................10-6
Generic Buffering ............................................................................................10-7
Single -Record Buffering ................................................................................10-8
Buffer Synchronization 1 ...............................................................................10-9
Buffer Synchronization 2 .............................................................................10-10
Buffer Synchronization 3 .............................................................................10-11
Buffer Synchronization 4 .............................................................................10-12
Buffer Synchronization 5 .............................................................................10-13
Buffer Synchronization 6 .............................................................................10-14
Unit Summary ................ ...................10-15
Exercises: Performance during Table Access ..................................10-16
Solutions: Performance during Table Access ............................................10-18
Consistency through Input Checks ....................................................11-1
Fixed Values ................ ........................11-2
Value Table ................ .........................11-3
Inserting a Data Record ..................................................................................11-4
Violation of the Foreign Key Check .............................................................11-5
Foreign Key Fields / Check Fields ...............................................................11-6
Data Consistency through Foreign Keys ......................................................11-7
Foreign Key Definitions in the Check Field ................................................11-8
Check Table not Equal to Value Table .........................................................11-9
Semantic Attributes .......................................................................................11-10
Text Table ................ ..........................11-11
Summary ................ ............................11-12
Exercises: Consistency through Input Checks ...........................................11-13
Solutions: Consistency through Input Checks ...........................................11-15
Dependencies of ABAP Dictionary Objects ...................12-1
Active and Inactive Versions .......................................................................12-2
Runtime Objects ................ .................12-3
Handling of Dependent Objects ....................................................................12-4
Where-Used Lists ............................................................................................12-5
The Repository Information System ABAP Dictionary ............................12-6
Unit Summary ................ .....................12-7
Exercises: Dependencies of ABAP Dictionary Objects ............................12-8
Solutions: Dependencies of ABAP Dictionary Objects ...........................12-10
Changes to Database Tables ..............................13-1
Changes to Tables ...........................................................................................13-2
How is the Structure Adjusted? .....................................................................13-3
Conversion Process 1 ......................................................................................13-4
Conversion Process 2 ......................................................................................13-5
Conversion Process 3 ......................................................................................13-6
Conversion Process 4 ......................................................................................13-7
Conversion Process 5 ......................................................................................13-8
Possible Problems during Conversions ........................................................13-9
Resuming Terminated Conversions ...........................................................13-10
Append Structures 1 ......................................................................................13-11
Append Structures 2 ......................................................................................13-12
Append Structures 3 ......................................................................................13-13
Summary ................ ............................13-14
Exercises: Changes to Databas e Tables ..............................13-15
Solutions: Changes to Database Tables ......................................................13-17
Views ................ .........................................14-1
Why do you Need Views? .............................................................................14-2
Structure of a View - Starting Situation .......................................................14-3
Structure of a View - Join Condition ............................................................14-4
Structure of a View - Field Selection (Projection) ......................................14-5
Structure of a View - Selection Condition ...................................................14-6
How are Tables Linked to Views? ...............................................................14-7
Structure of the View ......................................................................................14-8
Data Selection with Views .............................................................................14-9
Database Views ................ .................14-10
Includes in Database Views .........................................................................14-11
Maintenance Views .......................................................................................14-12
Inner and Outer Joins ....................................................................................14-13
Unit Summary ................ ...................14-14
Exercises: Views ............................................................................................14-15
Solutions: Views ............................................................................................14-18
Search Helps ................ ............................15-1
R/3 Standard Function: Input Help ...............................................................15-2
Requirements of the Input Help ....................................................................15-3
ABAP Dictionary Object Search Help .........................................................15-4
Selection Method of a Search Help ...............................................................15-5
Description of the Dialog Behavior ..............................................................15-6
Interface of a Search Help ..............................................................................15-7
How do you Use Search Helps? ....................................................................15-8
Search Help Attachment in the ABAP Dictionary .....................................15-9
Overview: Mechanisms for the Input Help ................................................15-10
Performance of the Input Help ....................................................................15-11
Alternative Search Paths ..............................................................................15-12
Collective Search Helps and Elementary Search Helps ...........................15-13
Append Search Helps ....................................................................................15-14
Unit Summary ................ ...................15-15
Exercises: Search Helps ...............................................................................15-16
Solutions: Search Helps ................................................................................15-20
Section: ABAP Programming Techniques .....................16-1
Content: ABAP Programming Techniques ..................................................16-2
The ABAP Runtime Environment ....................................................................17-1
Components of an ABAP Program ..............................................................17-2
Structure of a Program ....................................................................................17-3
Program Organization .....................................................................................17-4
The Three-Tier Client/Server Architecture of the R/3 System .................17-5
Structure of a Work Process ..........................................................................17-6
General ABAP Program Execution ..............................................................17-7
Dialog Transaction Execution .......................................................................17-8
Report Transaction Execution .......................................................................17-9
List Processing Events ..................................................................................17-10
Non-Executable Programs ...........................................................................17-11
The ABAP Runtime EnvironmentUnit Summary ....................................17-12
ABAP Runtime Environment: Exercises ...................................................17-13
ABAP Runtime Environment: Solutions ....................................................17-15
Data Types and Data Objects .............................................................................18-1
Data Types and Data Objects ........................................................................18-2
ABAP Data Types: Overview .......................................................................18-3
Constructing Data Types ................................................................................18-4
Predefined ABAP Dictionary Types .............................................................18-5
Data Elements and Structures in the ABAP Dictionary ............................18-6
Attributes of Internal Table (Types) .............................................................18-7
Access Types: Overview ................................................................................18-8
Table Types in the ABAP Dictionary ...........................................................18-9
Predefined ABAP Types ..............................................................................18-10
Defining Elementary Types in a Program ..................................................18-11
Defining Structured Types in a Program ....................................................18-12
Defining Table Types in a Program ...........................................................18-13
Declaring Fields and Structures ..................................................................18-14
Declaring Internal Tables .............................................................................18-15
Input Fields on Selection Screens and Selection Tables ..........................18-16
Constants and Literals ...................................................................................18-17
Text Symbols ................ .....................18-18
Passing Data To and From Screens ............................................................18-19
Passing Data To and From Logical Database Programs .....................................18-20
Predefined Data Objects ...............................................................................18-21
Field Symbols ................ ....................18-22
References and Field Symbols ....................................................................18-23
Example of Dynamic Type Casting ............................................................18-24
Declaring Data Objects Dynamically: Example .......................................18-25
Attributes of Data Objects ............................................................................18-26
Data Types and Data Objects:Unit Summary ............................................18-27
Data Types and Data Objects: Exercises ....................................................18-28
Data Types and Data Objects: Solutions ....................................................18-32
Statements ............................................................19-1
Initializing Data Objects .................................................................................19-2
Assigning Values ................ ................19-3
Compatibility and Conversion ......................................................................19-4
Conversion Rules for Elementary Types ......................................................19-5
Conversion Rules for Structured Types ........................................................19-6
Overview: String Processing .........................................................................19-7
Searching in a String .......................................................................................19-8
Changing Strings ................ ................19-9
Splitting and Joining Strings ........................................................................19-10
Accessing Parts of Fields .............................................................................19-11
Calculations: Syntax ....................................................................................19-12
Calculations: Integers and Packed Numbers ............................................19-13
Calculations: Floating Point Numbers and Runtime Errors ...................19-14
Calculations: Date Fields .............................................................................19-15
Logical Expressions ......................................................................................19-16
Comparing Strings .........................................................................................19-17
Conditional Branching ..................................................................................19-18
Loops ................ ..................................19-19
Overview: Leaving Processing Blocks .......................................................19-20
Catching Runtime Errors ..............................................................................19-21
Example: Catching Runtime Errors ............................................................19-22
Example: Solution - Part 1 ...........................................................................19-23
Example: Solution - Part 2 ...........................................................................19-24
Example: Solution - Part 3 ...........................................................................19-25
Example: Solution - Part 4 ...........................................................................19-26
Statements: Unit Summary ..........................................................................19-27
Internal Table Operations ...................................................................................20-1
Accessing Data Records .................................................................................20-2
Appending, Inserting, and Reading With Index Tables .............................20-3
Changing, Deleting and Looping in Index Tables ......................................20-4
Hashed Tables ................ .....................20-5
Inserting and Reading Using Key Access ....................................................20-6
Changing, Deleting, and Loop Processing With Key Access ...................20-7
Example: Declaring Standard Tables ............................................................20-8
Example: Standard Table Operations ...........................................................20-9
Example: Sorted Table .................................................................................20-10
Example: Declaring Hashed Tables ............................................................20-11
Example: Hashed Table Operations ...........................................................20-12
Internal Table With Header Line .................................................................20-13
Internal Table with Cumulative Values ......................................................20-14
Access Using Field Symbols .......................................................................20-15
Example I - Declaring Nested Tables .........................................................20-16
Example II - Loop Access Using Field Symbols ......................................20-17
Example III - Loop Access Using Field Symbols ...................................20-18
Internal Table Operations: Summary ..........................................................20-19
Internal Tables: Unit Summary ...................................................................20-20
Internal Table Operations: Exercises ..........................................................20-21
Internal Table Operations: Solutions ..........................................................20-24
Subroutines ................ ...............................21-1
Structure of a Subroutine ................................................................................21-2
Ways of Passing Data .....................................................................................21-3
Typing Interface Parameters ..........................................................................21-4
Calling a Subroutine ........................................................................................21-5
Visibility of Global and Local Data Objects ................................................21-6
Runtime Behavior I .........................................................................................21-7
Runtime Behavior II ........................................................................................21-8
Runtime Behavior III ......................................................................................21-9
Runtime Behavior IV ....................................................................................21-10
Runtime Behavior V .....................................................................................21-11
Runtime Behavior VI ....................................................................................21-12
Runtime Behavior VII ..................................................................................21-13
Example: Local Modularization in Programs ............................................21-14
Example: Recursive Call I ...........................................................................21-15
Example: Recursive Calls II .......................................................................21-16
Example: Recursive Calls III .......................................................................21-17
Subroutines: Unit Summary ........................................................................21-18
Subroutines: Exercises ..................................................................................21-19
Subroutines: Solutions ..................................................................................21-21
Function Groups and Function Modules .................22-1
Function Modules vs Subroutines .................................................................22-2
Attributes ................ ..............................22-3
Interface ................ ................................22-4
Processing Logic ................ .................22-5
Exceptions ................ ............................22-6
Documenting, Activating, and Testing .........................................................22-7
Calling a Function Module ............................................................................22-8
Function Groups ................ .................22-9
Applied Example ...........................................................................................22-10
Applied Example: Implementing the Functions I .....................................22-11
Applied Example: Implementing the Functions II ....................................22-12
Applied Example: Implementing the Functions III .................................22-13
Organization of a Function Group ..............................................................22-14
Function Groups and Function Modules: Unit Summary ........................22-15
Function Groups and Function Modules: Exercises .................................22-16
Function Groups and Function Modules: Solutions .................................22-20
Calling Programs and Passing Data ...................23-1
Synchronous Program Calls ..........................................................................23-2
Logical Memory Model ..................................................................................23-3
Inserting a Program I .....................................................................................23-4
Inserting a Program II .....................................................................................23-5
Terminating the Inserted Program ................................................................23-6
Starting a New Executable (Type 1) Program I ..........................................23-7
Starting a New Executable (Type 1) Program II .........................................23-8
Starting A Transaction I .................................................................................23-9
Starting A Transaction II ..............................................................................23-10
Calling Function Modules I .........................................................................23-11
Calling Function Modules II ........................................................................23-12
Starting an Executable (Type 1) Program ..................................................23-13
Calling a Transaction ....................................................................................23-14
Passing Data Between Programs: Overview ..............................................23-15
Passing Data Using the Program Interface .................................................23-16
Passing Values for Input Fields ...................................................................23-17
ABAP Memory and SAP Memory ..............................................................23-18
Passing Data Using the ABAP Memory .....................................................23-19
Passing Parameters using SAP Memory ....................................................23-20
Preview: Passing Data Using an Internal Table ........................................23-21
Fields in the Global Type BDCDATA .......................................................23-22
Example: Passing Data Using an Internal Table .......................................23-23
Calling Programs and Passing Data: Unit Summary ................................23-24
Calling Programs and Passing Data: Exercises .........................................23-25
Calling Programs and Passing Data: Solutions .........................................23-26
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